Skills Development

Week 1: Shot Types

The task was to practice different shot types using a camera. I took multiple photos using different shot types which are included in the following: establishing shot, long shot, medium long shot, medium shot, medium close up, close up and extreme close up. I also took pictures of different angles including a high angle shot, low angle shot and Dutch angle. This is relevant because when I come to do a massive project with a short film or different type of video, I already have practice with different shot types to draw in the viewer and help them understand the emotion or atmosphere of the shot or scene.

Establishing Shot:

(Maio, 2019)

An establishing shot is used to show a lot of the setting for context for the next shot. This shot is usually only a few seconds long. This can also be a wide shot. This type of shot is used because it provides a way to introduce the next shot while giving the viewer context of where the scene is being set. It might be used at the start of a scene to introduce the setting or can be used to show a door, notifying the viewer that the character is going to go through the door into the next room (Masterclass Staff, 2020). In comparison with the sourced image, I believe I was successful. This is because it is a wide shot introducing a setting however, I would do it in a more open area next time.

Long Shot:

(Spaiser, 2014)

A long shot is used to show the subject from top to bottom. The character is more in focus than an establishing shot however the scenery still tends to lead the shot (Dise, 2016). This can be used to introduce a character to the scene while telling the viewer the setting of the scene: for example, in the sourced image, you can see the scene is set in London due to the UK flag and Big Ben but it’s also showing the character. In my opinion, I was successful with this shot as my subject is in focus however the scenery is still dominating the shot.

Medium Long Shot:

(Deguzman, 2016)

Unike a long shot, a medium long shot has the character more in focus. The subject is shot from the knees up to still allow the scenery to be a part of the shot. This can be used to show the characters outfit and body expression. This shot can also be used for group shots as they provide enough room in the frame for multiple characters and visual elements at the same time. Medium long shots are also knows as “American shots” or “Cowboy shots” as this shot was first used in American Western films (Mercado, n.d.). I think I was successful in this shot as my subject is from the knees up with the setting still in the background yet, the subject is the main focus.

Medium Shot:

(Futuretheory Editorial Team, 2021)

A medium shot is shooting the subject from the waist to the head. It is used to emphasise both the actor and their surroundings by giving them an equal presence on screen. This is used to show the characters expression and outfit while still showing some of the setting (Masterclass Staff, 2021). In the sourced image, the shot is being used to show the expression of the character while walking through what seems to be a forest-type area. This helps present the atmosphere that the director is trying to convey. I believe I was successful in this shot as my subject is shot from the waist up while the setting is still being accentuated.

Medium Close-up:

(joanhoffman, n.d.)

A medium close up shoots the subject from the torso to the head. It is often used when a scene needs to be covered with normal coverage that doesn’t shock the viewer (Lannom, 2020). It’s an average shot mainly used when a character is speaking. It allows the character to be the full focus and shows the facial expression of the character rather than the body expression and setting. I believe I was successful as it shows my subject from the torso to the head however next time, I would make sure the picture is more in focus.

Close-up:

(Studiobinder , 2019)

A close up is commonly a shot of the subject's head to show the facial expression of the character. It can be used to show an emotional moment that draws in the audience and portrays a character’s feelings. It makes the viewer feel like they are a part of the action. This shot allows small actions for the character to do like eyerolls, smirks and eyebrow raises which help tell the story of the character’s intentions (Staff, 2021). In the sourced image, the close up shot is being used to show the character doing an evil smile while terrifyingly peeking through a broken door. This tells the viewer that the character is determined to get something through the door while showing his nasty intentions. I believe I was semi-successful in this shot as I do have a shot of the head; however, I would make sure that it’s only the subject’s head rather than an object in front and the shot is more in focus.

Extreme Close-up:

(Anon., n.d.)

An extreme close up is used to allow the viewers to enter a character’s personal space. It is usually a shot extremely close to a subject – whether it’s the character or an object – revealing traits and emotions that otherwise would go unnoticed or to give the viewer information on the importance of the object or character’s feature. It gives the viewer the experience the character’s feelings with them (Anon., n.d.). For example, in the sourced image it shows the character’s eye, which suggests that the character is looking at something through the leaves.

High Angle Shot:

(Studiobinder, 2021)

A high angle shot is shot above the subject to portray them as small and vulnerable. This can be used with a low angle shot to show the stronger character in a scene. I believe I was semi-successful in this shot as I shot it above, looking down however, next time I would include a subject (like a character) to prove that the character is in fact portrayed as weak and vulnerable compared to other shots and angles. I would also make sure the shot is more in focus next time I use the angle.

Low Angle Shot:

(Studiobinder, 2020)

A low angle shot is filmed below a subject's eye level to portray that the subject is powerful and larger. It can be used with a high angle shot to prove the stronger character in a scene. I think I was semi-successful in this shot as I shot it from below, making the building seem bigger than it is however next time I would add a subject to prove that the character looks more powerful and larger than they would in other scenes; I would also make the shot more in focus.

Dutch Angle:

(Anon., n.d.)

A Dutch angle is a diagonal angle to create an uneasy atmosphere due to the shot being off balance. It makes the viewer think that something bad is about to happen to the character or the character is the antagonist due to the awkward shot. I believe I was successful with this shot as my shot is at a tilt however next time, I will include a subject to help define the purpose of the Dutch angle more.

Overall, I believe the shots went well as I successfully took all of them from the right angle and distance from the subject and setting. However, next time I will make sure the shot is more in focus and when I shoot an angle and I will use a subject as it will help portray the atmosphere and the purpose of the shot I’m using. From this exercise, I have learnt that these shots take practice however, I now know the purpose of these shots and how it can improve the quality of the film or the scene by using these shots and angles. I can apply this to future projects – for example, short films and videos – to improve the value of the storytelling and the way it is filmed.

References

Anon., n.d. Dutch Angle Shot: Everything You Need to Know. [Online]
Available at: https://www.nfi.edu/dutch-angle-shot/
[Accessed 16 September 2021 ].

Anon., n.d. Extreme Close Up: Everything You Need to Know. [Online]
Available at: https://www.nfi.edu/extreme-close-up/
[Accessed 16 September 2021].

Anon., n.d. Extreme Filming Angles. [Online]
Available at: https://www.tboake.com/manipulation/Mosiadz/Mosiadz/page2.html
[Accessed 16 September 2021].

Deguzman, K., 2016. What is a Medium Long Shot (aka Medium Full Shot)?. [Online]
Available at: https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/what-is-a-medium-long-shot-in-film/
[Accessed 16 September 2021].

Dise, J., 2016. Filmmaking 101: Camera Shot Types. [Online]
Available at: https://www.bhphotovideo.com/explora/video/tips-and-solutions/filmmaking-101-camera-shot-types
[Accessed 16 September 2021].

Futuretheory Editorial Team, 2021. Using camera framing to influence emotions. [Online]
Available at: https://futuretheory.co/using-camera-framing-to-influence-emotions/
[Accessed 16 September 2021].

joanhoffman, n.d. Camera - shot types & angles. [Online]
Available at: https://quizlet.com/522610668/camera-shot-types-angles-flash-cards/
[Accessed 16 September 2021].

Lannom, S., 2020. The Medium Close-Up Shot: Definition and Examples in FIlm. [Online]
Available at: https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/medium-close-up-shot/
[Accessed 16 September 2021 ].

Maio, A., 2019. What is an Establishing Shot? Creative Examples that Set the Tone. [Online]
Available at: https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/what-is-an-establishing-shot-definition-examples/
[Accessed 15 September 2021].

Masterclass Staff, 2020. What Is An Establishing Shot? How to Effectively Use Establishing Shots in Your Film. [Online]
Available at: https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-an-establishing-shot-how-to-effectively-use-establishing-shots-in-your-film#whats-the-difference-between-an-establishing-shot-and-a-master-shot
[Accessed 15 September 2021].

Masterclass Staff, 2021. Film 101: What Is a Medium Shot? Understanding the Essentials of Using a Medium Shot in Film. [Online]
Available at: https://www.masterclass.com/articles/film-101-what-is-a-medium-shot-understanding-the-essentials-of-using-a-medium-shot-in-film
[Accessed 16 September 2021].

Mercado, G., n.d. The FIlmmaker's Eye. [Online]
Available at: https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/the-filmmakers-eye/9780240812175/xhtml/14_Chapter_08.xhtml
[Accessed 16 September 2021].

Spaiser, M., 2014. Navy Topcoat at the National Gallery. [Online]
Available at: https://www.bondsuits.com/navy-topcoat/
[Accessed 16 September 2021].

Staff, M., 2021. Film 101: What Is a Close-Up Shot? How to Creatively Use a Close-Up Camera Angle to Convey Emotion. [Online]
Available at: https://www.masterclass.com/articles/film-101-what-is-a-close-up-shot-how-to-creatively-use-a-close-up-camera-angle-to-convey-emotion#what-is-a-closeup-shot
[Accessed 16 September 2021 ].

Studiobinder , 2019. Close-Up Shots: Examples of Camera Movement & Angles. [Online]
Available at: https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/close-up-shot/
[Accessed 16 September 2021].

Studiobinder, 2020. Low Angle Shot: Creative Examples of Camera Movements and Angles. [Online]
Available at: https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/low-angle-shot-camera-movement-angle/
[Accessed 16 September 2021].

Studiobinder, 2021. High Angle Shot - Camera Angle Explained & Iconic Examples. [Online]
Available at: https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/high-angle-shot-camera-movement-angle/
[Accessed 16 September 2021].

Week 2: Framing and Composition

The task this week was to practice different composition techniques using a camera around college. The multiple different techniques are included in the following: rule of thirds, leading lines, symmetry, depth and natural framing. This is relevant because in future projects, I will be needing these techniques to improve the quality of my films and camera work.

Task 1:

The Shining – Stanley Kubrick (Wickman, 2012)

This image uses symmetry and leading lines to pull the viewer into the shot. The symmetry is used in shots to create balance, so it is aesthetically pleasing to the viewer. The long shot is taken with the two twins in the background with them being the main subject of the shot due to the contrasting colours they are wearing compared to the hallway walls and flooring. The hallway is symmetrical with the doors on either side lining up making it pleasing for the audience to view. The carpet and walls have leading lines to the centre of the shot pulling the viewer in. In my opinion, I believe this shot is effective as it successfully pulls the viewer in, catching their interest for the next shot.

Baby Driver – Edgar Wright (Anon., n.d.)

This still from the movie, “Baby Driver” uses multiple composition techniques in this shot. One of the techniques used in this long shot is leading lines towards the right of the shot. The leading lines go towards the right side to make the building the subject is in look elongated and bigger than it is to create an illusion that the character is small. This can make the viewer suggest that the character is weak and vulnerable compared to her surroundings. It also uses repetition with the multiple booths and lights in the diner going down in a row. This is pleasing to the viewer to see. The photo also uses depth. It has the main character in the foreground, the entrance and seats in the midground and workers and more booths in the background. I believe this is an effective shot as all these techniques give the still a unique and interesting effect, making the viewer stay interested and pulling them into other features of the film.

The Grand Budapest Hotel - Wes Anderson (Dunne, 2015)

This shot uses a centralised shot that accentuates the symmetry of the building. This establishing shot also has pattern and repetition with the windows across the building. This makes the building very recognisable to the viewer. I believe this shot is effective as it successfully makes the building look interesting and recognisable to the viewer by using repetition, patterns and symmetry.

Task 2:

Rule of Thirds:

(Dunham, 2020)

Rule of thirds is a technique using a 9-square grid guideline. A subject is placed on the lines of the grid, leaving the over two thirds more open. The rule of thirds directs the viewer’s look to the focus point of the shot. It draws the gaze to a specific part of the image. (Adobe, n.d.) I believe I was successful as my subject’s eye lines up with the top left corner of the grid with the bottom of their face lining up with the bottom left corner of the grid.

Leading Lines:

(Anon., n.d.)

Leading Lines are lines that are in a frame that are positioned to pull the viewer in to a point of interest within the shot. These shots are normally in a specific direction pointing towards a focus point. In my image, I used the railing which has leading lines either side of the railing. In my opinion, I was successful in this shot as my leading lines are visible in the shot and are pointing to a specific direction – which is the middle of the shot.

Symmetry:

(Hlinka, 2016)

Symmetry is a technique used to create a unique composition within a shot. It creates balance when viewing the photograph, which makes it aesthetically pleasing to see. Not all the shot needs to be symmetrical, but instead can have different things on either side but appears symmetrical when viewed as a full image. (Cromie, n.d.) I believe I was successful in this technique as my shot is symmetrical with the bathroom doors.

Depth:

(Bauer, 2015)

Depth is a technique which includes a foreground, midground and background. For example, in the sourced image, the wooden pier is in the foreground, there is water in the midground and there are mountains in the background. This gives an effect that pulls in the viewer into the shot due to the large depth within the photo. I believe I was successful in this technique as it shows some art in the foreground, midground and background creating the same effect as mentioned earlier.

Natural Framing:

(Roubis, 2013)

Natural framing is also known as frame within a frame. This is when you create a photograph using a natural frame such as an arch, window, leaves, and others. This can create a deliberate focus point within a photo which produces intention. (Kennedy, n.d.). In my opinion, I definitely can do better when practicing or using this technique. Next time I will choose a better natural frame which really helps the shot be unique. I will also find a place with much better lighting.

Overall, I was mostly successful in this framing and composition task. I was successful in almost all of my shots and I have room to improve in a couple of them. I believe I understood the purposes of these shots and how they improve the quality of the project they’re being used for and how they provide originality compared to other projects.

References

Adobe, n.d. The rule of thirds in photography: your complete guide.. [Online]
Available at: https://www.adobe.com/uk/creativecloud/photography/discover/rule-of-thirds.html#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20purpose%20of%20the%20rule%20of,specific%20part%20of%20the%20image%2C%20emphasised%20through%20composition.

Anon., n.d. [Online]
Available at: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/172825704434555375/
[Accessed 21 September 2021].

Anon., n.d. Everything You Need to Know About Leading Lines. [Online]
Available at: https://instasize.com/assets/img/leading-lines.jpg
[Accessed 22 September 2021].

Bauer, M., 2015. Mastering Hyperfocal Distance. [Online]
Available at: https://www.amateurphotographer.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Depth-of-field-landscape.jpg
[Accessed 22 September 2021].

Cromie, G., n.d. How to use symmetry in photography. [Online]
Available at: https://shotkit.com/symmetry-photography/
[Accessed 22 September 2021].

Dunham, B., 2020. What is the Rule of Thirds? Definition and Examples in Film. [Online]
Available at: https://s.studiobinder.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Rule-of-Thirds-Thor-Hammer-StudioBinder.jpg.webp?resolution=1920,1
[Accessed 22 September 2021].

Dunne, C., 2015. How Designers Built The World Of "The Grand Budapest Hotel" By Hand. [Online]
Available at: https://www.indiewire.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/budapest-hotel.jpg?w=716
[Accessed 21 September 2021].

Hlinka, Z., 2016. Undergound Symmetry. [Online]
Available at: https://mir-s3-cdn-cf.behance.net/project_modules/max_1200/ab485645233743.582a14243f19a.jpg
[Accessed 22 September 2021].

Kennedy, M., n.d. How to use Natural Frames for Better Photo Composition. [Online]
Available at: https://expertphotography.com/naturally-framing-photography-composition/#:~:text=Natural%20framing%20photography%20is%20creating%20a%20photograph%20within,photograph.%20This%20in%20turn%20creates%20intention%20and%20narrative.
[Accessed 22 September 2021].

Roubis, C., 2013. 25 Images Using Framing in Composition – Weekly Inspiration. [Online]
Available at: http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/flickr/7995241818_347d0bd8fd_o-600x450.jpg
[Accessed 22 September 2021].

Wickman, F., 2012. Tunnel Vision: Kurbirck's Favorite Composition Gets Its Own Supercut. [Online]
Available at: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/CPIP-zs_hoY/hqdefault.jpg
[Accessed 21 September 2021].

Week 3: 180-Degree Rule

This week’s task was to research and practice the 180-degree rule. We also researched an over the shoulder – otherwise known as an OTS – a shot reverse shot and a match on action shot. This is relevant because these filming techniques allow me to add originality and flow throughout my film to keep the viewer interested and not pull them out of the story due to the shots not lining up in the edit.

The 180-degree rule is a filmmaking technique which allows the viewer to understand where the characters are in a scene. The rule is that the cameras must stay on one side of the line, or the viewer will get confused on where the characters are standing and facing (Bous, 2021). When the 180-degree rule is in use, the cameras must be 30 degrees or more apart otherwise it will look like a jump cut due to the cameras being too close together.

(Restream.io, n.d.)

An over the shoulder shot is a shot where the camera is in position just behind a character, facing another character. The character which the camera is facing is in full shot while the other character’s shoulder is in the foreground. Over the shoulder shots use perspective to show where the characters are in a scene. It allows another character’s perspective on a scene. It also allows intimacy to be created between two characters in a conversation on an emotional level. (Nashville Film Institute, n.d.)

(Nashville Film Institute, n.d.)

A shot reverse shot is an editing technique mainly used when a dialogue sequence is occurring (Westwell, 2012). It’s when a character is in the front of the camera, then it cuts to another character in front of the camera who is facing the previous character, then switches back to the first shot of the initial character in front of the character.

(hdirsethriller, 2015)

Matching on action is an editing technique where it cuts from one shot to another and matches the initial shot’s action. For example, a person can start sitting down in the first shot, then when it cuts to the second shot, he sits down, completing the action and allowing it to flow through shots. However, if this is done incorrectly, it can take the viewer out of the story and get them focused on the editing (Videocide, 2019).

(O'Brien, n.d.)

Storyboard:

Photographic Storyboard:

I used the 180 degree rule throughout filming and used multiple over the shoulder shots and shot reverse shots. I also used match in action at the start.

Overall, I believe I done well in this task as I was successful in researching and practicing these new filming and editing techniques. We also used the equipment safely, making sure we didn’t have any people in the background of our shots who can be identified and made sure that the tripod we were using was out the way of people walking past so they didn’t trip over the tripod legs. However, I think I’ll need to work on matching in action as it can be difficult to line up the shots with each other to allow it to flow smoothly. I could apply these skills in the future for upcoming projects and films to add originality and present my knowledge in filmmaking and editing techniques.

References

Bous, V., 2021. The 180 degree rule in live streaming explained. [Online]
Available at: https://restream.io/blog/180-degree-rule/
[Accessed 29 September 2021].

hdirsethriller, 2015. The shot reverse shot rule. [Online]
Available at: https://haroldasthriller.wordpress.com/2015/02/18/the-shot-reverse-shot-rule/
[Accessed 29 September 2021].

Nashville Film Institute, n.d. Over the shoulder shot: Everything you need to know. [Online]
Available at: https://www.nfi.edu/over-the-shoulder-shot/
[Accessed 29 September 2021].

Nashville Film Institute, n.d. Over the shoulder shot: Everything you need to know. [Online]
Available at: https://www.nfi.edu/over-the-shoulder-shot/
[Accessed September 29 2021].

O'Brien, L., n.d. Match on Action. [Online]
Available at: https://10obrienlqeglincs.wordpress.com/2015/09/21/match-on-action/
[Accessed 29 September 2021].

Restream.io, n.d. 180 degree rule. s.l.:Restream.io.

Videocide, 2019. Matching on action. [Online]
Available at: https://videocide.com/glossary/matching-on-action/
[Accessed 29 September 2021].

Westwell, A. K. a. G., 2012. A Dictionary of Film Studies. s.l.:Oxford University Press.

The first shot is an establishing shot of the setting, showing a bench with a character sitting facing away from the camera

Shot type: Establishing/Wide shot

The shot continues and the camera follows a new character, walking towards the bench. The shot cuts before the character on the right sits down.

Shot type: Mid shot

The shot starts with the character sitting down in front of the other character. They stare at each other in silence for a little bit.

Shot type: Wide shot

The shot cuts to another over the shoulder shot to face the character from the first shot walking towards the bench. Dialogue continues as the character responds to the initial question “Where are they?”.

Shot type: Medium close up

The shot cuts to and over the shoulder shot to face the character from the first shot sitting on the bench. Dialogue is introduced.

Shot type: Medium close up

The shot is then reversed back to the first character for another over the shoulder shot. Dialogue is continued again.

Shot type: Medium close up

The shot is then reversed back to the second character for an over the shoulder shot. Dialogue is continued.

Shot type: Medium close up

The shot is then reversed for the final time for another over the shoulder shot to show the first character walking away. Dialogue ends.

Shot type: Medium close up

Week 4: Camera Settings - Exposure

This week we studied camera settings: specifically, exposure. We researched the different settings which affect exposure in a photo which are listed in the following: shutter speed, aperture, and ISO. We then had a practical task which was to take photos with different types of exposures to find out the effect on the photo. This is relevant because when we are taking photos or filming, we need to know what a good exposure is, so the final product isn’t overexposed or underexposed for the viewer.

The amount of light which reaches your camera sensor or film is the exposure (Cox, 2019). Exposure in a camera is about different combinations of shutter and f-stop settings (otherwise known as aperture settings). For an image to be shot on a sensor; it must be exposed to light.

(Ashish, 2019)

The shutter speed is how long the sensor is exposed to light when the shutter is open. Slow shutter-speed photos allow motion blur to occur. They can be used for low-light and night photos on a tripod. Fast shutter-speed photos can be used for quick sports or racing to freeze the extremely fast, up close subject motion (Cambridge in Colour, n.d.). The choice of shutter speed is dependent upon the amount of light available and the photographer’s ability to hold a camera. A large shutter speed makes the photo darker, and a small shutter speed makes the photo lighter. For the practical task, I took 3 photos to represent how different shutter speeds affect the photos style.

The first photo (from left to right) shows a slow shutter speed of someone walking. I used the shutter priority mode with a ½ second shutter speed. To take this I just set the shutter speed and made someone in my group walk across the shot. The second photo is a fast shutter speed of someone walking. To take this photo I just set the shutter speed and made someone walk across the shot again. I used the shutter priority mode with a 1/60s shutter speed. The third photo is a slow shutter speed showing light drawing. To take this, the lights were turned off and we got a flashlight on a phone and drew a shape. I set shutter priority on and then set the shutter speed to 8 seconds.

Compared with the examples above, I feel like I need to improve on slow shutter speed photos. Next time I will make my subject move slower so you can successfully see the motion blur. The other two photos, which are fast shutter speed and light drawing, I believe were successful.

The aperture can be controlled to let in light. It is sometimes compared to the human eye with how it works. A small aperture lets in less light due to a smaller hole, therefore leading to a darker image and a large aperture lets in more light due to a bigger hole, therefore leading to a brighter image (Chen, et al., n.d.). Apertures also affect the depth of field in a photo. A small aperture has a big depth of field, which means the background is more in focus. This goes for the same as a large aperture just the other way round, larger the aperture, the shallower the depth of field. For the practical task, I took 2 photos to represent how different apertures affect the style of a photo.

The first photo (from left to right) has a small aperture. I took this photo on aperture priority mode with a f/3.5. Before taking the photo, I made sure my point of focus was on the sphere. The second photo has a large aperture. I took this photo on aperture priority mode again but instead with a f/22. My point of focus was on the sphere again but unlike the first photo, the background is more in focus.

(Prince George Photographic Society, n.d.)

Compared with the example, I will next time use a different subject for my point of focus, so it properly accentuates the different depth of fields in each photo. However, you can still see a distinct difference in my photos. Overall, I believe I was successful with taking photos with different aperture settings.

ISO has a major impact in whether your photos are darker or lighter. The ISO controls the amount of light that your camera lets in (Chen, et al., n.d.). The higher the ISO, the brighter the photo is and the lower the ISO, the darker your photo is. However, if you use a higher ISO, it makes the photo have more noise (or makes it look grainier) unlike a lower ISO which applies less noise or less grain. For the practical task, I took 2 photos to represent how different ISOs affect the style of a photo.

The first photo (from left to right) has a lower ISO. I took this photo with an ISO of 400. As you can see it has made the photo very dark. The second photo has a high ISO. I took this photo with an ISO of 6400. It has made the photo brighter; however, it looks grainier than it would with a balanced ISO.

(Purtell, 2015)

I believe I was successful in taking photos with different ISO settings. Compared to the photo, they have the same effect as the lowest ISO example, is dark compared to the highest ISO example. Next time I would choose a location with accentuates the different ISO effects such as the noise.

Overall, I believe my practical exercise went well. I successfully took all the photos however I need to improve my slow shutter shots as it was not clear what was going on in my photo even though the motion blur was captured.

References

Anon., n.d. [Online]
Available at: chmediaandgraphicsblog.blogspot.com
[Accessed 6 October 2021].

Ashish, 2019. Why Do Photographs Taken In Space Not Have Stars In The Background?. [Online]
Available at: https://www.scienceabc.com/eyeopeners/why-do-photographs-taken-in-space-not-have-stars-in-them.html
[Accessed 6 October 2021].

Cambridge in Colour, n.d. CAMERA EXPOSURE. [Online]
Available at: https://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-exposure.htm
[Accessed 6 October 2021].

Chen, I., Duchesneau, D. & Jensen, V., n.d. Aperture in photography: definitions and understanding.. [Online]
Available at: https://www.adobe.com/uk/creativecloud/photography/discover/aperture.html
[Accessed 6 October 2021].

Chen, I., Klise, S. & Boyd, D., n.d. What is ISO in photography and how to use it.. [Online]
Available at: https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud/photography/discover/iso.html
[Accessed 6 October 2021].

Cox, S., 2019. What is Exposure? (A Beginner's Guide). [Online]
Available at: https://photographylife.com/what-is-exposure
[Accessed 6 October 2021].

EHS Art, n.d. Take 24. [Online]
Available at: http://www.ehs-art.com/slow-shutter-speed.html
[Accessed 6 October 2021].

Prince George Photographic Society, n.d. Aperture. [Online]
Available at: https://www.pgphotoclub.com/articles/aperture.html
[Accessed 6 October 2021].

Purtell, K., 2015. What is ISO? {Photography Basics} | Photography. [Online]
Available at: http://www.kyliepurtell.com/2015/05/what-is-iso.html
[Accessed 6 October 2021].

Rowse, D., n.d. Introduction to Shutter Speed. [Online]
Available at: https://digital-photography-school.com/shutter-speed/
[Accessed 6 October 2021].

(EHS Art, n.d.)

(Rowse, n.d.)

(Anon., n.d.)

Week 5: Lighting - White Balance

This week we studied lighting and how having different white balance settings changes the look of a picture. We also looked at colour temperature and how it will be useful to know which settings to use according to the colour temperature scale which is measured in kelvins. We then had a practical task to practice taking pictures in the same location but using different white balance settings. This is relevant because when we are taking photos or filming, it will be useful to know to not take a picture or video too oversaturated or undersaturated to create a balanced, high-quality product.

White balance is the process of creating a balanced colour cast and removing the unrealistic colour casts from an image (Cambridge in Colour, n.d.). White balance settings on a Canon camera include, auto, tungsten, fluorescent, daylight, cloudy, flash and shade. These settings help balance out the image to make sure it doesn’t look too yellow or too blue.

(McNair, 2021)

Colour temperature is a scale which measures how "warm" (yellow) or "cool" (blue) the light from a particular source is. The scale is measured in kelvins and the lower the number means more “yellow” or “warmer” the light is and the higher the number means more “blue” or “cooler” the light is. (Direct, n.d.). For example, a candlelight will emit around 1000k, and a blue sky will emit around 10000K.

(Photographymad, n.d.)

This location was the first location we went to. This was our indoors with little outside light photos. I believe the settings in the following work the best for this area: auto, daylight, fluorescent and flash. This is because they make the photos have a balanced colour cast. The tungsten setting works the worst for this area as it makes the image too blue.

This location was the second location we went to. This was our indoors with balanced outside light photos. I believe the settings in the following work the best for this area: auto, cloudy, and flash. This is because they make the photos have a balanced colour cast. The tungsten and fluorescent settings are the worst for this area as it makes the image too blue. The shade setting makes the image too yellow, so it is also a bad setting for this location.

This location was the third and final location we went to. This was our outside light photos. I believe the settings in the following work the best for this area: auto, daylight, and cloudy. This is because they make the photos have a balanced colour cast. The tungsten and fluorescent settings are the worst for this area as it makes the image too blue. The shade setting makes the image too yellow, so it is also a bad setting for this location.

Overall, I believe I was successful in proving my knowledge of white balance and colour temperature in my practical task. I think I could’ve used a better location for the first set of photos for an indoors area, however I still believe the photos worked well to demonstrate the effects of the settings within an indoors location with little outside light. I could apply this knowledge in the future to upcoming projects with cameras to make sure that my photos or films are nor undersaturated or oversaturated.

References

Cambridge in Colour, n.d. Tutorials: White Balance. [Online]
Available at: https://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/white-balance.htm
[Accessed 14 October 2021].

Direct, M. a. L., n.d. Colour Temperature - What does it mean?. [Online]
Available at: https://blog.lightbulbs-direct.com/colour-temperature/#:~:text=In%20short%2C%20colour%20temperature%20is,the%20'warmer'%20the%20light.
[Accessed 17 October 2021].

McNair, P., 2021. What is White Balance on Your Camera?. [Online]
Available at: https://www.dpmag.com/how-to/shooting/what-is-white-balance-on-your-camera/
[Accessed 17 October 2021].

Photographymad, n.d. What is Colour Temperature?. [Online]
Available at: https://www.photographymad.com/pages/view/what-is-colour-temperature
[Accessed 17 October 2021].

Week 6: Lighting Techniques

This week the task was to research 3-point lighting, analyse shots and explain the lighting techniques and then go into the TV studio to practice 3-point lighting and show the purpose of each light. This is relevant because when setting up lights in the future for projects, I will know what lighting techniques will be efficient in producing the highest quality film or image.

3-point lighting is the most basic professional lighting set-up. It combines essential light sources and directions and allows experimentation and expansion. There are 3 lights in a 3-point lighting set-up. There is a key light, fill light and back light. The key light is the main source of light. It produces hard quality as the light source reaches the subject from the camera’s viewpoint. The key light provides texture or modelling of the subject when placed 30 degrees away from the camera-subject axis. The fill light is the secondary light, placed on the opposite side to the key light. This can be compared to indirect sunlight or reflected light. The fill light is the opposite to the key light as it creates a softer quality and fills the shadows created by the key light. The minimal use of fill lights creates “low-key lighting” which is popular in “dark genres” such as Film Noir. Finally, the back light is placed behind the subject. This light only has one purpose and that is to provide definition and subtle highlights around the subject’s outlines. This helps separate the subject from the background which creates a three-dimensional look.

Standard Three-Point Lighting Diagram Picture: (theonlysilentbob, 2008)

(IMDB, 2014)

This shot from Captain America: Winter Soldier (2014) uses hard lighting. This affects the mood and the tone of the scene to make it seem quite dark and thrilling compared to if the lighting director used soft lighting. The shot has clearly defined shadows and contrast as the bottom right side of the shot is much brighter and differs with the background and colours that the actors are wearing. Hard lighting creates a strong sense of drama (Masterclass, 2021) which helps set the tone for this scene where Captain America and Black Widow obviously have some tension. The hard lighting also helps the characters on screen look stronger and more serious which is perfect for what this scene is trying to portray for Captain America as he is a superhero (Masterclass, 2021). The key light is behind the camera giving it a frontal light with minimal use of fill lights to get a low-key lighting for this scene as it creates a hard quality. The colour temperature is quite cold, and the shot has a deep depth of field.

(IMDB, 2013)

This shot from Her (2013) uses soft lighting. The lighting makes the subject appear welcoming and friendly which gives the shot a happy and warm mood and tone (Hellerman, 2019). This lighting works well with this scene because the setting and the characters action work well with the happy and warm tone the lighting is creating in this shot. The lighting illuminates and has indirect, high-key lighting. The lighting is also diffused and creates soft shadows. This shot used more fill lights to get this lighting as less would make it a hard quality shot. The fill lights also are highlighting the subject, giving it more of a soft tone. The shot has a warm colour temperature and has a shallow depth of field.

In comparison, both shots are very different. The warm coloured temperature and tone of the soft light image differs heavily from the cold coloured temperature and tone of the hard light image. The hard light image shows a scene full of tension and drama however the soft light image shows a scene full of happiness and friendliness. One of the main differences is that the Captain America scene used minimal fill lights and the Her scene used a lot of fill lights and that clearly makes a difference between the two. Instead of having distinct shadows like the hard lighting shot has, the soft lighting shot has soft shadows, and the light is diffused. The characters also give off different vibes as well. Captain America and Black Widow from the first shot feel stronger and more serious than Theodore – which is the character in the second shot from Her.

The practical task was to practice taking shots with different lighting settings. We took the photos in groups in the TV studio.

In this practical task, I used my knowledge on how to set-up the 3-point lighting technique to efficiently. We then took photos with only one of the lights on. We then took photos with 2 of the lights on. Then we combined all the lights for a final picture. This is because this shows how each light affects the subject in the image. For example, the key light still allows a great deal of light, however, creates a very dark shadow, giving the image a hard-quality look, however when added with a fill light, the lights also have blue and green gels on them, the shadows become softer.

Overall, I understand how lighting is important and how It affects the story of an image or film. I think I need to work on making sure the white balance settings are right and keeping organised in a practical so it’s easier to include the photos accurately in my write-up. I could apply this knowledge in the future to upcoming projects to create high-quality images or films with good lighting which helps give context to the mood or tone of the storyline.

Health & Safety: To stay safe when in the practical, we made sure to let people around us know that we were turning the lights on, so they don’t have a sudden bright light in their face. We also made sure to tidy everything up before the lights came off, so all trip hazards were minimised.

References

Hellerman, J., 2019. 13 Film Lighting Techniques Every Filmmaker Should Know. [Online]
Available at: https://nofilmschool.com/film-lighting-techniques-and-examples
[Accessed 18 October 2021].

IMDB, 2013. Her. [Online]
Available at: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1798709/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1
[Accessed 18 October 2021].

IMDB, 2014. Captain America: The Winter Soldier. [Online]
Available at: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1843866/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_8
[Accessed 18 October 2021].

Masterclass, 2021. What Is the Difference Between Hard Light and Soft Light in Photography? Learn How to Create Both Hard Light and Soft Light. [Online]
Available at: https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-the-difference-between-hard-light-and-soft-light-in-photography#what-is-hard-light
[Accessed 18 October 2021].

theonlysilentbob, 2008. Three-Point Lighting. [Online]
Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_lighting
[Accessed 20 October 2021].

Week 7: Audio

This week’s task was to learn about microphones and recording audio. We learnt about two different types of microphones which are listed in the following: dynamic and condenser. We also learnt about polar patterns which show where sound is best recorded from within a microphone. This week’s practical task was to record audio in two different locations and draw sound maps with them.

Microphone Types:

Dynamic microphones are ideal for general use. These types of microphones are suited for handling high volume levels such as certain musical instruments or amplifiers. The microphone works like a speaker, however in reverse. To create sound, the diaphragm is moved by sound pressure. Therefore, it doesn’t need electrical energy put into the coil as you receive energy out of it (Audio-technica, n.d.)

Diagram: (Audio-technica, n.d.) Microphone: (Teach Me Audio, 2020)

Condenser microphones has an audio signal stronger than a dynamic microphones. That means it is more suited to capturing subtle nuances rather than high volumes as it will cause distortion to the sound. Unlike dynamic microphones, condenser microphones require batteries. That is because the microphones require phantom powering for it to work.

Diagram: (Audio-technica, n.d.) Microphone: (Audio-technica, n.d.)

Polar pick-up patterns:

Polar patterns refer to the directionality of a microphone (Sound Technology Ltd., n.d.). There are multiple pick-up patterns in microphones which all have their best uses for different times, for example, to include background noise or to record sound on the end of a boom pole. Some examples are omnidirectional, cardioid, super/hyper-cardioid, bidirectional or figure of 8, shotgun, sub-cardioid.

Omnidirectional is a polar pick-up pattern which picks up sound in all directions. It is sensitive to sound in all directions meaning it will pick up noise from in front, noise from the side and background noise at similar levels. They are useful I situations where you would like the audience or viewer to hear sounds from multiple directions at a time. It is also good for recording in stereo or a moving subject or if you want to record sounds in a room (Mikkel Nymand, 2015). The polar pattern diagram is just one circle covering the whole diagram.

Cardioid is a unidirectional pick-up pattern in a “heart-shaped” pattern. It is most sensitive at the front, so the best sound comes from there however it also picks up some noise from the side. The back of the microphone is not sensitive to sound so background noise will be hard to pick up (Anon., n.d.). It is best used for live performances such as concerts or karaoke or capturing sound of instruments. (Briones, 2015).

Hyper-cardioid is a slightly narrower pick-up pattern than cardioid and very similar to super-cardioid pick-up patterns. This pick-up pattern allows more background noise to create ambience. Some of the sides are considered “dead spots” as sound isn’t picked up from there at all. These can be used for loud sound sources, noisy stage environments or untreated recording rooms (Briones, 2015). Super-cardioid microphones are perfect for capturing sound on the end of a boom pole.

Figure-8, or otherwise known as bidirectional, microphones pick up sound from two directions. Its pattern created the idea for the name as it is in the shape of a number 8. This microphone is perfect from recording sound from two people sitting opposite each other or recording two or more instruments. The sound is heavily rejected from the sides and like the omnidirectional microphone, it is good for stereo recording (Briones, 2015).

Shotgun microphones allow a lot of noise from the front and background noise, with very little noise from the side. It’s a high sensitivity pick-up pattern so it captures sound from a distance. These microphones are mainly used for film and theatre and are also great for overhead microphones for capturing sounds of singing groups, drum cymbals and more.

Sub-cardioid, which is also known as wide cardioid, has a polar pattern which is represented as the midway point between omnidirectional and cardioid patterns. Like a cardioid microphone, it is unidirectional however can pick up sound in every direction. It is more sensitive at the front and less sensitive at the back. It is mainly used to pick up a sound source in an acoustic environment and for sources where less proximity is wanted (Fox Media Tech Inc. , n.d.).

Practical tasks:

The first practical task was to go out to two different locations: one inside location and one outside location. Then to record with both the sound recorder and our mobile phone. While recording the sound around us, we had to do a sound map on all the different sounds we could hear at that time.

The second practical task was to go around the college and record sounds which represent different themes that we were given. The themes were nature, education, technology, rhythm and creativity.

Health and Safety: To maximise our safety we made sure the sound recorders weren’t on full volume when turning them on so the headphones didn’t blast noises in our ears which could damage our hearing.

References

Anon., n.d. CARDIOID, OMNI, FIGURE-8 – WHY DO MICROPHONES HAVE DIFFERENT PICKUP PATTERNS?. [Online]
Available at: https://www.neumann.com/homestudio/en/cardioid-omni-figure-8-why-do-microphones-have-different-pickup-patterns
[Accessed 3 November 2021].

Audio-technica, n.d. A Brief Guide to Microphones - What a Microphone Does. [Online]
Available at: https://www.audio-technica.com/en-us/support/a-brief-guide-to-microphones-what-a-microphone-does/
[Accessed 3 November 2021].

Audio-technica, n.d. Dynamic Microphone Element, s.l.: s.n.

Audio-technica, n.d. Electret Condenser Element, s.l.: s.n.

Briones, A., 2015. The Different Types Of Mics And Their Uses. [Online]
Available at: https://www.gearank.com/articles/types-of-mics
[Accessed 3 November 2021].

Fox Media Tech Inc. , n.d. What is a Subcardioid/Wide Cardioid Microphone? (With Mic Examples). [Online]
Available at: https://mynewmicrophone.com/what-is-a-subcardioid-wide-cardioid-microphone-with-mic-examples/
[Accessed 3 November 2021].

Mikkel Nymand, T., 2015. DIRECTIONAL VS. OMNIDIRECTIONAL MICROPHONES. [Online]
Available at: https://www.dpamicrophones.com/mic-university/directional-vs-omnidirectional-microphones
[Accessed 3 November 2021].

Sound Technology Ltd., n.d. Microphone Polar Patterns – Part 1: Omnidirectional. [Online]
Available at: https://www.soundtech.co.uk/akg/news/microphone-polar-patterns-part-1-omnidirectional#:~:text=%E2%80%9CPolar%20pattern%E2%80%9D%20refers%20to%20a,directional%20and%20figure%20of%208.
[Accessed 3 November 2021].

Teach Me Audio, 2020. Typical Condenser Microphone in a shock mount holder, s.l.: s.n.

Teach Me Audio, 2020. Typical vocal dynamic microphone; Shure SM58, s.l.: s.n.

Week 8: Editing

This week’s task was to edit footage which we recorded back in week 3 during the 180-degree rule task. We also researched terms in the following: frame rate, resolution, aspect ratio and interlaced and progressive. This is relevant because in the future if I want to go into editing, I need to know these terms and how to do the basic editing skills that we learnt this week to build up my knowledge for the future.

Resolution

Resolution is how much detail or information is shown within an image (Saadawi, n.d.). The “p” at the end of the resolution measurement stands for progressive scan, and the actual measurement stands for how many lines of vertical resolution. The most common resolution standards are standard definition - which is 480p - high definition – which is 720p – full high definition – which is 1080p, and ultra-high definition – which is 4k. Out of all of them, the most common is 1080p HD however, 4k is becoming more popular. The higher the number of pixels, the clearer and higher quality the image (Saadawi, n.d.).

Frame rate

Frame rate is the measurement that shows how many frames appear within a second. Hence, why it is also called frames per second or FPS for short (Kurniawan & Hara, n.d.). In film, TV and other video content, the standard frame rate is 24 FPS. This allows the content to be logical compared to the human eye and create motion blur, which makes moving objects look out of focus due to moving quick (Kurniawan & Hara, n.d.).

However other video formats have different standard frame rates. NSTC, which is an abbreviation for National Television Standards Committee, displays a 29.97 FPS. This format is usually used in United States, Japan, and other countries. NSTC made the significant black & white and colour television system originally (Sony, 2021). PAL, which is an abbreviation for Phase Alternate Line displays a 25 FPS. This is mainly used in European countries. SECAM, which is an abbreviation for Sequential Colour and Memory, displays a 25 FPS however the way SECAM processes colour information means it’s not compatible with the PAL video format standard. This is used in countries such as USSR, China, Pakistan, France and more. (Sony, 2021).

Aspect Ratios

An aspect ratio is a measurement to indicate the width and height of a screen or image. This is shown as two numbers with a colon between them. The first number represents the images or screen’s width, and the second number represents the height of the image or screen. For example, 4:3 means that the images or screen’s width 1.33 times the size of its height (MasterClass Staff, 2021)

Some more common aspect ratios have constantly been used throughout the history of film and television. The earliest films were presented in a 4:3 ratio and that was the normal standard ratio for television sets until the introduction of the widescreen high-definition TV. Now, 4:3 is primarily used for artistic purposes to mimic the old style of filmmaking (MasterClass Staff, 2021). 16:9 is now the standard size for widescreen HDTV and most computer monitors, and the most common aspect ratio used today. It is used to achieve a more cinematic look. Even outside of cinema, most viewers watch video content on 16:9 screens (MasterClass Staff, 2021). Another aspect ratio which is used in modern cinema is 1.85:1. This is slightly wider than 16:9, and therefore when displayed on widescreen HDTVs or monitors, there will be thin black bars on the top and bottom of the screen. This is mainly used for feature films and many TV shows who are attempting for a cinematic look. The widest aspect ratio is modern cinema is 2.39:1, which is also known as anamorphic widescreen format. It’s wide field of view makes it useful for shooting scenic landscapes and is associated with premium dramatic feature films. Known as the 70mm film format, 2.76:1 is used by directors such as Christopher Nolan and Quentin Tarantino. This aspect ratio is normally displayed on gigantic IMAX screens. This ratio had fame in the late 1950s yet faded out of use. Now it’s being used to bring audiences an experience which can’t happen at home. Cinerama is a super widescreen format which can project onto a curved screen has an aspect ratio of 2.59:1 or 2.65:1. This was created by film distributors to lure the public into the theatre (MasterClass Staff, 2021).

Interlaced / Progressive

There are two different types of videos scans: interlaced and progressive. Progressive video sources are identified with the letter “p” at the end of the number of pixels. Progressive scan video content projects both even and odd scan lines at the same time on the TV. Interlaced video sources can be identified with the letter “I” at the end of the number of pixels. Rather than at the same time as the progressive scan signals can do, the interlaced video displays even and odd scan lines as separate fields (Sony, 2019).

Practical:

This is the edit which I completed on Avid. This was filmed during the 180-degree task in week 3.

Overall, I believe my edit went well as I was able to edit successfully and complete the task efficiently. This is mainly because of the camera angles making it easier to identify which clip goes where on my timeline. However, when filming I need to make sure the actors do the same action the same in the previous shot to complete matching on action so it’s easier to edit. I also need to work on remembering the keyboard shortcuts so in the future I can be efficient in my work and make my life easier. In this exercise I was able to learn how to use Avid in a basic way and I can apply that in the future to upcoming projects to do with editing which might require me to use Avid.

References

Kurniawan, M. & Hara, H., n.d. The importance of frame rate in moviemaking. [Online]
Available at: https://www.adobe.com/uk/creativecloud/video/discover/frame-rate.html
[Accessed 9 November 2021].

MasterClass Staff, 2021. Guide to Aspect Ratios: 8 Film and TV Aspect Ratios. [Online]
Available at: https://www.masterclass.com/articles/guide-to-aspect-ratios#what-is-an-aspect-ratio-in-film
[Accessed 9 November 2021].

Saadawi, E., n.d. Secrets of Cinematography: 10 Elements of a High Quality Image. [Online]
Available at: https://www.desktop-documentaries.com/10-elements-of-a-high-quality-image.html
[Accessed 9 November 2021].

Sony, 2019. What is the difference between interlaced and progressive scan video?. [Online]
Available at: https://www.sony.com/electronics/support/articles/00032537
[Accessed 10 November 2021].

Sony, 2021. What are the NTSC, PAL and SECAM video format standards?. [Online]
Available at: https://www.sony.com/electronics/support/articles/00006681
[Accessed 9 November 2021].

Week 9: Continuity Editing

The task this week was to film a scene of a simple greeting with multiple shot types such as a medium shot, long shot, extreme close-up, and others. Then we take the footage into avid to edit it to create a continuity edit. This is relevant because this was allowing us to practice more with camera work, directing and editing which we can take and develop on and expand for future projects.

In comparison with the video last week, I improved on learning the key binds for avid so I’m more efficient when editing. An improvement is that when editing, it doesn’t jar as much when completing matching on action and we had more time to shoot all the shots because of the better location we picked. Yet similarly, there was one shot which didn’t match with the following shot which makes the edit jump and break the continuity flow of the edit.

Overall, I believe the editing process went well in this task. The first cut from Lee scaring Hallum flows nicely and matches the time and action from each frame and the hug towards the end. I have also learnt the key binds better from last week which was a target I set for myself. However, in the middle of the edit, it jars because the action doesn’t flow. Where Hallum goes to shake Lee’s hand, his left arm is up and in the way of their hands together. This doesn’t line up with the next shot as Hallum’s arm is by his side. We also have lighting continuity issues throughout the scene where other shots are lighter than others. Next time I will make sure the actors carry on the actions as they did in the previous shot and make sure the lighting is continuous throughout. I can use this in the future for upcoming projects such as films or television shows which might require me to use Avid to create a continuous flow of actions for a scene which creates matching on action and lighting.